Dwelling assembly line and method

ABSTRACT

A dwelling is assembled by: building a floor joist framework upside down; installing service fixtures in the floor joist framework and fastening a subfloor to it; framing and covering walls with interior covering; erecting the interior-covered walls on the floor; building a ceiling on a jig above the dwelling; inverting the ceiling jig and lowering the ceiling onto the walls; securing service fixtures to the exposed stud and joist frameworks; trimming, covering, and roofing the dwelling; installing lifting hardware, and transporting the dwelling to its site.

United States Patent William G. Stirling;

David Stirling, Jr., Avon; Harper Sibley, Jr., Rochester, N.Y.

Sept. 16, 1968 Apr. 20, 1971 Stirling Homex Corporation Avon, N.Y.

lnventors Appl. No. Filed Patented Assignee DWELLING ASSEMBLY LINE ANDMETHOD 20 Claims, 11 Drawing Figs.

US. Cl 29/430, 29/200 Int. Cl B23p 19/00 Field of Search 29/430, 200

(J), 200 (A), 200 (P), 429

[56] References Cited UNITED STATES PATENTS 3,319,323 5/1967 Groat29/200 3,399,445 9/1968 Carroll 29/200 3,443,303 5/ l 969 Groat 29/430Primary ExaminerThomas H. Eager Attorney-Cumpston, Shaw and StephensABSTRACT: A dwelling is assembled by: building a floor joist frameworkupside down; installing service fixtures in the floor joist frameworkand fastening a subfloor to it; framing and covering walls with interiorcovering; erecting the interiorcovered walls on the floor; building aceiling on a jig above the dwelling; inverting the ceiling jig andlowering the ceiling onto the walls; securing service fixtures to theexposed stud and joist frameworks; trimming, covering, and roofing thedwelling; installing lifting hardware, and transporting the dwelling toits site.

Patented .April 13, 1971 3 Sheets-Sheet 1 WILLIAM G- STIRLING DAVIDSTIRLING Jr HARPER SIBLEYJr 1N VENTORS AT TORNE YS Patented April 13,1911 3,514,920

I5 Shuts-Sheet 2 3 H i. I h [1 1 1 FIG-3 E FIG- 4 I WILLIAM G- STIRLINGDAVID STIRLING Jr HARPER SIBLEY J. 5 INVENTORS r ATTORNEYS PatentedApril 13, 1971 3,574,920

3 Shoots-Sheet 5 F I G 6 67 l /1 n n n n 66 67 II II II II II I] [I I1I] II II I II I] II II II II II I] II J1 H II I] M II II H H H H [I[WILLIAM G STIRLING HARPER SIBLEY Jr.

INVENTQRS DAVID STIRLING Jr FIG- :0. ,3 $5 4 ATTORNEYS DWELLING ASSEMBLYLINE AND METHOD THE IMPROVEMENT EFFECTED and laborious methods. Priorart suggestions for factory-built dwellings generally imitate the oldmanual methods devised to fit the needs of slow construction exposed toweather. The outershell is built to keep the weather out then internalservice fixtures, insulation, trim, flooring, etc. are built in. Thisrequires many tasks to be done overhead or in awkward positions,requires considerable moving of materials about, and is generallywasteful of both labor and materials.

This invention departs from such old procedures and accomplishesdwelling assembly that is generally inside-out to facilitate servicefixture installation, to allow each step of the construction to be donein the most comfortable and convenient working position for increasedspeed and reduced labor costs, and to take maximum advantage ofconstruction jigs for holding work pieces during assembly. Most partsare precut and located for minimum movement; everything is done in themost convenient and efficient working positions; work-holding jigseliminate measurement, plan-reading, error and the need for high laborskills; subassemblies are made adjacent their assembly regions forminimum transport; all

operations are coordinated for a steady-flow assembly line;

indoor construction takes advantage of uniform illumination, convenientpower supplies for electric and pneumatic tools, glue dispensers fed bypipeline, and other conveniences not available in onsite construction;and the finished dwelling unit is ready for shipping to a constructionsite where it is merely positioned and connected to services.

One small plant with a single assembly line operating according to theinvention for an 8-hour shift can produce two complete dwellings forfour module units each of more than 1100 square feet, including threebedrooms, two and one-half baths, kitchen and living areas, andincluding central heating and air conditioning.

The objects of the invention include, without limitation, speed,economy, efiiciency, reduced labor costs, high quality, uniformconstruction, minimum waste of materials, and the capacity to operateday or night in any weather.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION The inventive assembly line and methodincludes: interfastening a floor joist framework to form a dwellingfloor, inverting the floor joist framework and fastening a subfloor toit; using a jig to interfasten a wall stud framework; covering the wallstud framework with interior wall covering and erecting it on the floor;building a ceiling on a jig above the dwelling; inverting the ceilingjig and lowering the ceiling onto the walls; securing service fixturesto the stud framework outside the interior wall covering; and trimming,insulating, covering, and roofing the dwelling.

THE DRAWINGS FIG. 1 is a partially schematic elevational view of anassembly line according to the invention;

FIG. 2 is a partially schematic elevation view of a ceiling assembly jigfor the inventive assembly line;

FIG. 3 is a plan view of a jig surface of thejig of FIG. 2;

FIG. 4 is an elevational view of a wall jig for the inventive assemblyline; 7

FIG. 5 is an end elevation of the wall jig of FIG. 4;

FIG. 6 is a plan view of a shingle jig for roofing dwelling modules madeaccording to the invention;

FIG. 7 is a fragment of side elevation of the jig of FIG. 6;

FIG. 8 is a fragment of an end elevation of the jig of FIG. 6;

FIG. 9 is a side elevation of a trailer transport rig for' carryingdwelling modules to a site;

FIG. 10 is a fragmentary cross section of the rig of FIG. 9 taken alongthe line 10-10 thereof; and

FIG. 11 is a fragmentary cross-sectional view of the rig of FIG. 9 takenalong the line "-11 thereof.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION The illustrative assembly line shown in FIG. 1includes a track 10 on which dwelling units roll on support members 11from the floor end of the line to the finished end of the line. Cranesor hoists bring materials or subassemblies to the dwelling modules ontrack 10, and each work region has pneumatic power lines for pneumaticnailers and staplers, glue dispensers fed by glue lines, and readilyaccessible electric power for tools and equipment. Completed units arepreferably equipped with lifting hardware and are removed from thefinished end of the line, transported to a building site, positionedwith preferably several module units forming a single dwelling, andconnected to service facilities to complete the construction. Parts ofsuch a total assembly process are obvious and are not discussed. Theinventive features of such an assembly are described below, and oneparticular way to practice them is explained.

The inventive assembly line includes a floor assembly region 12, a wallassembly region 13, a ceiling assembly region 14, and several regionsrepresented by regions 15 and 16 for installing service fixtures,insulation, trim, exterior siding, and roofing as desired. Each of theseregions includes regions alongside track 10 in which subassemblies aremade, materials are provided and tools are located and powered.

Floor joist assembly region 12 includes a jig (not shown) that hasholders for proper location of floor joists for interfastening. Theassembled floor joist framework 17 is of a known type having 2X12 planksnailed together. However, framework 17 is first assembled and fastenedtogether upside down. Then service fixtures such as plumbing, electricalwiring, and heating and air conditioning ducts are installed and securedto framework 17 as desired. Such installation is inverted from the usualorientation and is conveniently made by workmen bending over framework17.

Then framework 17 is inverted by means of hoist 18 and set down rightside up on timbers 11 on track 10. A subfloor covering 19, preferably ofplywood, is fastened to the top of the framework 17, preferably withboth glue and nails to complete subfloor 17. Floor covering such aslinoleum or carpeting is laid over floor 17 whenever convenient duringlater assembly operations.

Meanwhile walls are framed in subassembly areas of wall assembly region13. For such purpose the wall jig 20 shown in FIGS. 4 and 5 is used.Surfaces 21 are sloped from the vertical to support stud members such as2X4s or the like, and holders 22 are arranged on support surfaces 21 toreceive and locate such stud members for interfastening. A ledge 23supports the bottommost member of the wall framework, and precut studmembers are placed infholders 22 as shown in FIG. 4 for interfasteningto form framework 26. Each holder 22 is a U- shaped bracket sized andpositioned to receive the edge of a stud member and hold it in place forfastening.

Between support surfaces 21 is a gantry walkway 24 reached by a ladder25 to support a workman in a comfortable position for nailing orfastening the uppermost portions of stud framework 26. A man on walkway24 with a pneumatic nailing machine can rapidly fasten the upperportions of framework 26 together. Another workman at the bottom of jig20 can quickly secure the bottom portions of framework 26 together. Eachsupport surface 20 is preferably adapted for assembling a plurality ofwall frameworks 26 by having holders 22 arranged in different positionsfor different frameworks. For such multiframework jigs, the studposition and corresponding holders on surfaces 21 are preferably painteddifferent colors for each wall framework to be assembled on each supportsurface. Then workmen can quickly select precut stud members and placethem on support surfaces 21 to cover all the regions painted a givencolor to make a given wall assembly. For walls of a different type, theworkmen 'merely place stud members over different colored areas andholders.

After wall framework 26 is secured together, it is covered by aninterior wall-covering material 27 of panelling or wallboard materialhaving a finished interior surface. The stud members of framework 26 arecovered with glue from a convenient dispenser, and covering material 27is secured to the glued stud members until the glue sets. One way ofdoing this is with a few finishing nails 28 driven through cleats 29into framework 26 and removed after the glue sets to leave only a few,almost unnoticeable, holes in covering 27. This eliminates the usualnailing, countersinking of nails, patching over nailheads, and painting.Alternatively, covering material 27 can be clamped to framework 26 untilthe glue sets.

Covered wall framework 26 is moved by a travelling crane 30 to itsproper position over the assembled floor l7 and nailed in place in erectposition over floor 17. Two of such erected walls are shown in wallassembly region 13 of FIG. 1.

While floor 17 and walls 26 are being assembled, a ceiling is built onceiling jig 35 best illustrated in FIG. 2. A main body 36 of ceiling jig35 has two support surfaces 37 and 38 each of which are provided withholders 22, such as previously described for wall fixture 20, forlocating and holding the members of a ceiling joist framework 40.Holders 22 and support surfaces 37 and 38 are painted in color codingfor assembly of a plurality of different ceiling joist frameworks 40, asdesired.

Jig 35 is arranged just above the level of a second floor 41, well abovetrack and above the tops of dwelling units passing along track 10.Workmen standing on floor 41 find the upper support surface 37 is at acomfortable working height for laying down precut joist members offramework 40 in holders 22 and securing the framework 40 together.

Service fixtures such as vents or ducts 44 for heating or airconditioning units are then secured to framework 40, and a subceiling42, preferably of plywood, is fastened to framework 40 by glue-andnails. Then an interior ceiling material 43 is stapled to subceiling 42.

Jig 35 is rotatable around shaft 45 by means of a gear 46 and a motor 47for inverting the main body 36 of jig 35. Latches 48 holding body 36 inthe working position illustrated in FIG. 2, are moved and motor 47 isdriven to turn body 36 180 to invert support surfaces 37 and 38. Beforedoing this the assembled ceiling 40 is secured to jig 35 by clamps 49;also dwelling units on track 10 are moved out from underjig 35 to giveit a free sweep. After inversion a new ceiling can be built on the topsurface ofjig 35 while a completed ceiling awaits lowering from thebottom.

Recessed into the longitudinal edges of body 36 are a pair of windlasses50 on which support straps 51 are wound. The ends of straps 51 arenailed to ceiling frame 40, and when a walled dwelling is ready for aceiling and positioned beneath jig 35, clamps 49 are released andceiling 40 is lowered by straps 51 under control of a motor (not shown).When ceiling 40 is properly positioned over a dwelling unit the ends ofstraps 51 are pried free and ceiling 40 is nailed in place on top ofwalls 26.

Service fixtures such as electric outlet 52 and 53 are installed in thewall stud framework 26 from outside the dwelling unit as shown inFIG. 1. This allows convenient working in the exposed exterior of thedwelling at a comfortable working height so that electric installationis fast and efficient. Other service fixtures such as plumbing, heating,and air conditioning ducts are installed in a similar fashion around theexterior of the dwelling or its subassemblies.

Then, insulation 54 and exterior siding material 55 are fastened on tothe exterior of walls 26. Interior subassemblies such as cabinets,cupboards, bathroom units, and staircases are made in regions alongsidetrack 10 and installed in the dwelling units. Trim construction such asmoldings, and door and window frames, are subassembled and installed.

Roofs are constructed over the uppermost modules of the inventivedwelling units, and materials handed down from second floor 41 arepreferably used for roof construction. After supports and sloping roofsurfaces are constructed. the roof is shingled with the aid oftheshingling jig shown in FIGS. 6-8.

Rails 60 and 61 are laid parallel with each other along the edges ofroof 59 from the peak 58 to the bottom edge 57. Abutment surfaces 62extending below the bottom ends of rails 60 and 61 butt against thebottom edge 57 of roof 59 to locate rails 60 and 61 longitudinally, andthe top ends of rails 60 and 61 extend to peak 58. When rails 60 and 61are accurately positioned, they are fastened to roof 59 by nails 63through angle iron brackets 64 disposed along the outer edges or rails60 and 61.

A crosspiece 65 fits closely between rails 60 and 61 and rests on roof59. Extension pieces 66 are fastened to the top of each end ofcrosspiece 65 to reach over the top surfaces of rails 60 and 61.P'ositioners 67 formed as blocks secured to the top surfaces of rails 60and 61 are spaced apart by the exposed width of shingles 68 and arearranged in parallel and aligned sets on each rail 60 and 61.

When extension pieces of crosspiece 65 are placed between the first pairof positioners 67 at the bottom ends of rails 60 and 61, crosspiece 65is positioned so that the lowermost row of shingles 68 can be'buttedagainst crosspiece 65 and secured to roof 59. Then crosspiece 65 ismoved upward on rails 60 and 61 to the next position between positioners67 where it is correctly located for butting the second row of shingles68 against crosspiece 65. This process is repeated with each row ofshingles 68 until roof 59 is shingled to its peak 58.

The edges of roof 59 under jig rails 60 and 61 are not shingled untilafter the modules are positioned on the site and shingle splices orjoints are made between adjacent roofs.

The jig of P165. 6-8 assures that the rows of shingles 68 are accuratelyparallel with peak 58 and accurately spaced so that the shingle rows ofadjacent modules will line up accurately on the site for a neatappearance avoiding any jags or turns in the shingle joints betweenadjacent roofs. This is particularly important where several dwellingmodules are placed side-by-side to form a common roof extending for manyfeet. ln onsite construction such a roof would be built in place and itsshingles aligned on long chalk lines. However, the inventive jig isfaster and more accurate, and solves the problem of lining up theshingle rows of dwelling modules having roofs built in fairly shortlengths that are later joined together.

In the final stages of construction of dwelling modules according to theinvention, lifting hardware is secured to each module in preparation forits transport to a site. Preferably, long eyebolts 69 are used for thebasic lifting rig, and bolts 69 extend through holes in floorjoistframework 17 as best shown in F105. 9-11. Recesses 70 are cut in theunderside'of floor joist framework 17 preferably before it is invertedto receive plates 71 fitting floor joist framework 17 and supporting theheads 72 of eyebolts 69. Eyebolts 69 preferably extend above the tops ofdwelling modules as illustrated, and such modules are lifted from aboveby cranes or lifts hooking onto eyebolts 69.

The trailer 80 shown in FIG. 9 is preferably used for transportingcompleted dwelling modules to a site. Trailer 80 has a hitch 73 at itsforward end, a front frame extending back to wheels 74 at the midsectionand a rear frame 76 joined to the top of front frame 75 and extendingover and beyond wheels 74. Front and rear frames 75 and 76 arepreferably formed of relatively light, structural metal materials.

As best shown in P10. 10, lag screws 77 are driven through the sidebeams 78 of frames 75 and 76 into the bottom of floor joist framework 17at intervals of 3 feet or so along frames 75 and 76, to hold floor joistframework 17 tightly against trailer frames 75 and 76. Suchinterfastening stiffens and supports frames 75 and 76 which are bracedby the strong and rigid construction of floor joist framework 17. Suchstrengthening allows trailer 80 to be of lightweight construction andyet be sufficiently strong to carry heavy dwelling modules. Thisprovides advantages such as only a. few wheels 74 close together in themidsection of trailer 80 are required and a relatively long length oftrailer and dwelling modules can be cantilevered behind wheels 74; andthe overall height of the loaded trailer is relatively low and the totalweight of trailer 80 and its dwelling modules is relatively small tomeet licensing and highway requirements for vehicles. The prior arttrailers for hauling heavy objects have always been strong enough to bethe sole support of the cargo. Such a trailer for the inventive dwellingunits would have to be the low-boy-type with a massive platform carriedlow between the hitch and a rear axle having many wheels. Such a trailerwould far outweigh trailer 80 and could only haul one dwelling module.The front frame 76 forward of wheels 74 for supporting the taller,roofed modules is of comparable length to a low-boy" trailer, but thelight construction braced by the strength of the dwelling unit itselfallows the additional dwelling module mounted above the wheels 74 on thecantilevered after frame 76.

Persons wishing to practice the invention should remember that otherembodiments and variations can be adapted to particular circumstances.Even though one point of view is necessarily chosen in describing andclaiming the invention, this should not inhibit broader or relatedapplications within the spirit of the invention. For example, differentmaterials and fastening means can be used, and the inventive jigs andfabrication methods can be adapted to such variations; operations canproceed simultaneously or in different orders; and the movement ofsubassemblies can be varied.

We claim:

1. A dwelling factory assembly line comprising;

a. a floor assembly region including:

1. means for interfastening a floor joist framework in upside downposition;

2. means for turning over said floor joist framework; and

3. means for fastening a subfloor to the top of said turned over floorjoist framework to form a floor unit for said dwelling; b. a wallassembly region including:

1. a wall jig having a surface sloped from the vertical for supporting awall stud framework; 2. means for interfastening said framework;

3. means for fastening interior wall covering on said supportedframework; and

4. means for erecting said covered wall framework on said floor unit;

c. a ceiling assembly region above said line including;

1. a ceiling jig for supporting a ceiling joist framework upside down;

2. means for interfastening said ceiling joist framework;

3. means for covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceilingmaterial to form a ceiling unit;

4. means for turning over said ceiling jig with said covered ceilingunit secured thereto; and

5. means for lowering said ceiling unit onto the tops of said wallframeworks;

d. means for securing service fixtures to said wall frameworks outsidesaid interior wall covering; and

e. means for securing external covering to said dwelling.

2. The assembly line of claim 1 including a track and means for movingsaid dwelling along said track from said floor assembly region past saidceiling assembly region and toward a finishing region.

3. The assembly line of claim 1 including means at said floor assemblyregion for securing service fixtures to said floor joist frameworkbefore inversion thereof.

4. The assembly line of claim 1 including means at said ceiling assemblyregion for securing service fixtures to said ceiling joist frameworkbefore covering said ceiling joist framework with said interior ceilingmaterial.

5. The assembly line of claim 1 wherein said wall jig supported studincludes a gantry walkway arranged behind said sloped surface and nearthe top of said sloped surface to support a workman in a comfortableposition for fastening the upper portions of said stud framework.

6. The assembly line of claim 5 wherein a pair of said wall jig supportsurfacesare arranged on opposite sides of said gantry walkway.

7. The assembly line of claim 1 wherein said ceiling jig comprises twoopposed jig surfaces arranged on a rotatable body, means for rotatingsaid body about a horizontal axis to turn either of said jig surfacesuppermost, and means for latching said body in positions orientingeither of said jig surfaces uppermost.

8. The assembly line of claim 1 including windlass strap means arrangedon said ceiling jig for fastening to said ceiling to lower said ceilingfrom the bottom of said ceiling jig.

9. A dwelling assembly method comprising:

a. interfastening a floor joist framework in upside down position;

b. turning over said floor joist framework;

e. fastening a subfloor to the top of said turned-over floor joistframework to form a floor unit for said dwelling;

d. moving said floor unit to a wall assembly region;

e. interfastening stud frameworks for walls of said dwelling;

f. fastening interior wall covering on said wall stud frameworks;

g. securing said covered wall frameworks in erect positions on saidfloor unit;

h. interfastening a ceiling joist framework supported in upside downposition on the surface of a ceiling jig above the top of said dwelling;

i. covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceiling materialsto form a ceiling unit;

j. turning over said ceiling jig with said covered ceiling unit securedthereto;

k. moving said dwelling under said ceilingjig;

l. lowering said ceiling unit onto said erected wall frameworks;

m. securing said ceiling unit to the top of said erected wallframeworks;

n. fastening services fixtures to said wall frameworks outside saidinterior wall covering; and

o. securing external covering to said dwelling.

10. The method of claim 9 including securing service fixtures to saidfloor joist framework before turning over said floor joist framework.

ll. The method of claim 9 including securing service fixtures to saidceiling joist framework before covering said ceiling framework.

12. The method ofclaim 9 including gluing said interior wall covering tosaid wall stud framework.

B. The method of claim 9 including:

a. laying a pair of parallel rails to extend from the peak to the loweredge of the roof of said dwelling along the respective side edges ofsaid roof, said rails having corresponding sets of positioners parajelwith said peak and spaced apart by the width of the shingle rows forsaid roof;

b. arranging a crosspiece successively between said positioners;

c. butting a row of shingles agains said crosspiece in each position ofsaid crosspiece; and

d. securing each row of said shingles in place on said roof.

[4. The method of claim 9 including securing lifting hardware to saidfloor joist framework and lifting said dwelling from overhead by saidhardware for positioning said dwelling.

15. The method of claim 9 including positioning said dwelling on arelatively light-construction trailer for transport to a site, andfastening said floor joist framework of said dwelling to said trailer ata plurality of points to strengthen said trailer.

16. The method of claim 15 including turning a plurality of lag screwsthrough the frame of said trailer into the bottom of said floor joistframework to fasten said dwelling to said trailer.

17. The method of claim 12 including using nails holding cleats againstthe interior surface of said wall covering and passing removably throughsaid wall covering and into said framework to hold said wall covering inplace until said glue sets.

18. A dwelling factory assembly line comprising:

a. a floor assembly region including:

1. a wall jig having a surface for supporting a wall stud framework;

2. means for interfastening said supported stud framework;

3. means for fastening interior wall covering on said supportedframework; and 4. means for erecting said covered wall framework on saidfloor unit; c. a ceiling assembly region including:

1. a ceiling jig for supporting a ceiling joist framework in invertedposition; 2. means for interfastening said ceilingjoist framework; 3.means for covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceilingmaterial to form a ceiling unit; 4. means for inverting said ceilingunit; and 5. means for positioning said ceiling unit on the tops of saidwall frameworks; d. means for securing service fixtures to said wallframeworks outside said interior wall covering; and e. means forsecuring external covering to said wall frameworks. 19. A dwellingassembly method comprising: a. interfastening a floor joist framework;

b. fastening a sub floor to the top of said floor joist framework toform a floor unit;

c. moving said floor unit to a wall assembly region;

d. interfastening stud frameworks for walls of said dwelling;

e. fastening interior wall covering on said wall stud frameworks;

f. securing said covered wall frameworks in erect positions on saidfloor unit;

g. interfastening a ceiling joist framework supported in invertedposition on a surface ofa ceilingjig;

h. covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceiling materialsto form a ceiling unit;

i. inverting said ceiling unit;

j. positioning said ceiling unit on said erected wall frameworks;

k. securing said ceiling unit to the tops of said erected wallframeworks;

l. fastening service fixtures to said wall frameworks outside saidinterior wall covering; and

m. securing external covering to said wall frameworks.

20. The dwelling assembly method of claim 9 including arranging saidfloor joist framework upside down on a plane surface for saidinterfastening so said subfloor lies substantially in a plane on saidright side up floor joist framework.

1. A dwelling factory assembly line comprising; a. a floor assemblyregion including:
 1. means for interfastening a floor joist framework inupside down position;
 2. means for turning over said floor joistframework; and
 3. means for fastening a subfloor to the top of saidturned over floor joist framework to form a floor unit for saiddwelling; b. a wall assembly region including:
 1. a wall jig having asurface sloped from the vertical for supporting a wall stud framework;2. means for interfastening said supported stud framework;
 3. means forfastening interior wall covering on said supported framework; and 4.means for erecting said covered wall framework on said floor unit; c. aceiling assembly region above said line including;
 1. a ceiling jig forsupporting a ceiling joist framework upside down;
 2. means forinterfastening said ceiling joist framework;
 3. means for covering saidceiling joist framework with interior ceiling material to form a ceilingunit;
 4. means for turning over said ceiling jig with said coveredceiling unit secured thereto; and
 5. means for lowering said ceilingunit onto the tops of said wall frameworks; d. means for securingservice fixtures to said wall frameworks outside said interior wallcovering; and e. means for securing external covering to said dwelling.2. means for turning over said floor joist framework; and
 2. means forinterfastening said ceiling joist framework;
 2. The assembly line ofclaim 1 including a track and means for moving said dwelling along saidtrack from said floor assembly region past said ceiling assembly regionand toward a finishing region.
 2. means for interfastening saidsupported stud framework;
 2. means for interfastening said ceiling joistframework;
 2. means for interfastening said supported stud framework; 2.means for fastening a subfloor to the top of said floor joist frameworkto form a floor unit; b. a wall assembly region including:
 3. means forcovering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceiling material toform a ceiling unit;
 3. means for fastening interior wall covering onsaid supported framework; and
 3. means for fastening interior wallcovering on said supported framework; and
 3. The assembly line of claim1 including means at said floor assembly region for securing servicefixtures to said floor joist framework before inversion thereof. 3.means for covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceilingmaterial to form a ceiling unit;
 3. means for fastening a subfloor tothe top of said turned over floor joist framework to form a floor unitfor said dwelling; b. a wall assembly region including:
 4. means forturning over said ceiling jig with said covered ceiling unit securedthereto; and
 4. The assembly line of claim 1 including means at saidceiling assembly region for securing service fixtures to said ceilingjoist framework before covering said ceiling joist framework with saidinterior ceiling material.
 4. means for erecting said covered wallframework on said floor unit; c. a ceiling assembly region above saidline including;
 4. means for erecting said covered wall framework onsaid floor unit; c. a ceiling assembly region including:
 4. means forinverting said ceiling unit; and
 5. means for positioning said ceilingunit on the tops of said wall frameworks; d. means for securing servicefixtures to said wall frameworks outside said interior wall covering;and e. means for securing external covering to said wall frameworks. 5.The assembly line of claim 1 wherein said wall jig includes a gantrywalkway arranged behind said sloped surface and near the top of saidsloped surface to support a workman in a comfortable position forfastening the upper portions of said stud framework.
 5. means forlowering said ceiling unit onto the tops of said wall frameworks; d.means for securing service fixtures to said wall frameworks outside saidinterior wall covering; and e. means for securing external covering tosaid dwelling.
 6. The assembly line of claim 5 wherein a pair of saidwall jig support surfaces are arranged on opposite sides of said gantrywalkway.
 7. The assembly line of claim 1 wherein said ceiling jigcomprises two opposed jig surfaces arranged on a rotatable body, meansfor rotating said body about a horizontal axis to turn either of saidjig surfaces uppermost, and means for latching said body in positionsorienting either of said jig surfaces uppermost.
 8. The assembly line ofclaim 1 including windlass strap means arranged on said ceiling jig forfastening to said ceiling to lower said ceiling from the bottom of saidceiling jig.
 9. A dwelling assembly method comprising: a. interfasteninga floor joist framework in upside down position; b. turning over saidfloor joist framework; c. fastening a subfloor to the top of saidturned-over floor joist framework to form a floor unit for saiddwelling; d. moving said floor unit to a wall assembly region; e.interfastening stud frameworks for walls of said dwelling; f. fasteninginterior wall covering on said wall stud frameworks; g. securing saidcovered wall frameworks in erect positions on said floor unit; h.interfastening a ceiling joist framework supported in upside downposition on the surface of a ceiling jig above the top of said dwelling;i. covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceiling materialsto form a ceiling unit; j. turning over said ceiling jig with saidcovered ceiling unit secured thereto; k. moving said dwelling under saidceiling jig; l. lowering said ceiling unit onto said erected wallframeworks; m. securing said ceiling unit to the top of said erectedwall frameworks; n. fastening services fixtures to said wall frameworksoutside said interior wall covering; and o. securing external coveringto said dwelling.
 10. The method of claim 9 including securing servicefixtures to said floor joist framework before turning over said floorjoist framework.
 11. The method of claim 9 including securing servicefixtures to said ceiling joist framework before covering said ceilingframework.
 12. The method of claim 9 including gluing said interior wallcovering to said wall stud framework.
 13. The method of claim 9including: a. laying a pair of parallel rails to extend from the peak tothe lower edge of the roof of said dwelling along the respective sideedges of said roof, said rails having corresponDing sets of positionersparallel with said peak and spaced apart by the width of the shinglerows for said roof; b. arranging a crosspiece successively between saidpositioners; c. butting a row of shingles against said crosspiece ineach position of said crosspiece; and d. securing each row of saidshingles in place on said roof.
 14. The method of claim 9 includingsecuring lifting hardware to said floor joist framework and lifting saiddwelling from overhead by said hardware for positioning said dwelling.15. The method of claim 9 including positioning said dwelling on arelatively light-construction trailer for transport to a site, andfastening said floor joist framework of said dwelling to said trailer ata plurality of points to strengthen said trailer.
 16. The method ofclaim 15 including turning a plurality of lag screws through the frameof said trailer into the bottom of said floor joist framework to fastensaid dwelling to said trailer.
 17. The method of claim 12 includingusing nails holding cleats against the interior surface of said wallcovering and passing removably through said wall covering and into saidframework to hold said wall covering in place until said glue sets. 18.A dwelling factory assembly line comprising: a. a floor assembly regionincluding:
 19. A dwelling assembly method comprising: a. interfasteninga floor joist framework; b. fastening a sub floor to the top of saidfloor joist framework to form a floor unit; c. moving said floor unit toa wall assembly region; d. interfastening stud frameworks for walls ofsaid dwelling; e. fastening interior wall covering on said wall studframeworks; f. securing said covered wall frameworks in erect positionson said floor unit; g. interfastening a ceiling joist frameworksupported in inverted position on a surface of a ceiling jig; h.covering said ceiling joist framework with interior ceiling materials toform a ceiling unit; i. inverting said ceiling unit; j. positioning saidceiling unit on said erected wall frameworks; k. securing said ceilingunit to the tops of said erected wall frameworks; l. fastening servicefixtures to said wall frameworks outside said interior wall covering;and m. securing external covering to said wall frameworks.
 20. Thedwelling assembly method of claim 9 including arranging said floor joistframework upside down on a plane surface for said interfastening so saidsubfloor lies substantially in a plane on said right side up floor joistframework.